Table 1 Cohort characteristics

Prehospital venous lactate (mmol/L)

2.71 (1.40 – 3.15)

4.85 (2.30 – 5.80)

2.48 (1.30 – 2.98)

 < 0.01

Age (years)

47 (28 – 62)

49 (28– 65)

47 (29 – 62)

0.26

Sex (male)

1,480 (69)

141 (68.0)

1,339 (68.7)

0.88

CCI

0.67 (0 – 1)

0.78 (0 – 1)

0.66 (0 – 1)

0.62

ISS

11 (4–14)

20 (10 – 29)

9.55 (4 – 13)

 < 0.01

Lowest SI

0.59 (0.47 – 0.68)

0.74 (0.56 – 0.89)

0.58 (0.47 – 0.67)

 < 0.01

SI range

0 (-0.08 – 0.08)

-0.02 (-0.15 – 0.14)

0 (-0.07 – 0.07)

0.68

Lowest SBP

115 (100 – 132)

85 (67 – 102)

118 (103 – 133)

 < 0.01

SBP < 90 mmHg^a

345 (16)

129 (62)

216 (11)

 < 0.01

Heart rate > 120 bpm^a

442 (20)

79 (38)

363 (19)

 < 0.01

Blood prior to EMS (ml)

37 (0 – 0)

110 (0 – 0)

29 (0–0)

 < 0.01

Blood by EMS (ml)

27 (0 – 0)

173 (0 – 300)

12 (0 – 0)

 < 0.01

Crystalloids prior to EMS (ml)

418 (0 – 500)

793 (100 – 1,000)

378 (0 – 500)

 < 0.01

Crystalloids by EMS (ml)

201 (50 – 200)

173 (0 – 300)

165 (50 – 150)

 < 0.01

Transfer^ac

931 (43)

90 (43)

841 (43)

0.94

Penetrating^ad

206 (10)

31 (14)

175 (9)

 < 0.01

AIS head > 2^a

199 (9)

51 (25)

148 (8)

 < 0.01

AIS chest > 2^a

550 (26)

95 (46)

455 (23)

 < 0.01

AIS spine > 2^a

148 (7)

15 (7)

133 (7)

0.77

AIS abdomen > 2^a

28 (1)

4 (2)

24 (1)

0.34

AIS legs > 2^a

311 (14)

62 (30)

249 (13)

 < 0.01

Volume of hospital blood (ml)^b

497 (0–0)

3,610 (600 – 4,600)

167 (0 – 0)

 < 0.01

Mortality^ab

34 (2)

19 (10)

15 (1)

 < 0.01

Laparotomy^ab

319 (15)

125 (60)

194 (10)

 < 0.01

Thoracotomy^ab

274 (13)

81 (39)

193 (10)

 < 0.01

Craniotomy^ab

34 (2)

13 (7)

21 (1)

 < 0.01

Interventional radiology^ab

125 (6)

26 (13)

99 (5)

 < 0.01

Pelvic fixation^ab

9 (0.4)

4 (2)

5 (0.3)

 < 0.01

Vascular repair^ab

38 (2)

12 (6)

26 (1)

 < 0.01