Table 2 Exploratory univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of factors associated with a change in management after pelvic exam among 166 women presenting to the ED with bleeding in early pregnancy

Age, years (continuous)

0.97 (0.91 − 1.03)

0.313

-

-

Age group, years (categorical)

  ≤25 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

  26–35

1.91 (0.78 − 4.70)

0.157

-

-

  ≥36

0.79 (0.28 − 2.19)

0.650

-

-

Estimated gestational age, weeks (categorical)

  4–6 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

  7–10

1.85 (0.83 − 4.14)

0.133

-

-

  11–14

0.64 (0.24 − 1.68)

0.360

-

-

  15–20

0.91 (0.21 − 4.01)

0.900

-

-

Gravidity (discrete)

0.89 (0.76 − 1.06)

0.195

-

-

Gravidity (categorical)

  1–2 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

  3–4

0.96 (0.43 − 2.15)

0.914

-

-

  ≥5

0.54 (0.21 − 1.41)

0.209

-

-

Parity (discrete)

0.82 (0.63 − 1.06)

0.133

-

-

No. of abortions (discrete)

1.11 (0.77 − 1.60)

0.574

-

-

Color of bleed

  Pink/bright-red

1.73 (0.89 − 3.47)

0.127

  Brown/dark-red

0.43 (0.22 − 0.87)

0.019

0.37 (0.14 − 0.98)

0.035

History of ectopic gestation

0.37 (0.05 − 2.73)

0.331

-

-

History of bleeding in early pregnancy

1.53 (0.72 − 3.25)

0.274

-

-

History of spontaneous abortions

1.67 (0.75 − 3.71)

0.209

-

-

Fertility treatment for index pregnancy

0.73 (0.21 − 2.57)

0.623

-

-

Duration of vaginal bleeding, days (continuous)

1.00 (0.91 − 1.09)

0.930

-

-

Self-reported pain score (discrete)

0.98 (0.86 − 1.12)

0.761

-

-

Abdominal cramps present

0.55 (0.27 − 1.10)

0.091

0.90 (0.34 − 2.38)

0.828

Abdominal discomfort present

1.94 (0.88 − 4.29)

0.103

CTAS score (ordinal)

  2

0.28 (0.07 − 1.11)

0.070

-

-

  3 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

  4

0.92 (0.37 − 2.28)

0.860

-

-

Hb, mg/mL (continuous)

1.02 (0.98 − 1.06)

0.313

-

-

β-HCG testing

1.22 (0.53 − 2.83)

0.642

-

-

β-HCG level, mIU/mL

  ≤10,000 (Ref.)

1.00

-

-

-

  >10,000

1.20 (0.55 − 2.62)

0.641

-

-

Diastolic BP, mmHg (continuous)

1.01 (0.97 − 1.04)

0.771

-

-

Systolic BP, mmHg (continuous)

1.00 (0.98 − 1.02)

0.711

-

-

Hypertension

0.61 (0.25 − 1.52)

0.291

-

-

Pulse, bpm (continuous)

0.99 (0.96 − 1.01)

0.223

-

-

Tachycardia

0.42 (0.18 − 0.99)

0.047

0.31 (0.09 − 1.14)

0.078

Respiratory rate, cpm (continuous)

1.01 (0.86 − 1.18)

0.922

-

-

SpO₂, % (continuous)

1.19 (0.97 − 1.47)

0.103

-

-

Temperature, °C (continuous)

1.06 (0.44 − 2.55)

0.898

-

-

Findings on abdominal exam, n (%)

  Normal

1.01 (0.51 − 1.99)

0.983

-

-

  Rebound tenderness

0.38 (0.02 − 6.18)

0.495

-

-

  Diffuse tenderness

0.95 (0.35 − 2.63)

0.925

-

-

  LLQ tenderness

0.53 (0.20 − 1.39)

0.196

-

-

  RLQ tenderness

0.36 (0.14 − 0.93)

0.034

0.39 (0.10 − 1.52)

0.176

  Guarding

0.49 (0.11 − 2.30)

0.369

-

-

Facility characteristics

  USG services available (vs. unavailable)

0.49 (0.13 − 1.77)

0.334

-

-

  In-house OBGyn services available (vs. unavailable)

1.23 (0.62 − 2.46)

0.558

-

-

Speculum exam findings

  Normal

2.00 (0.60 − 6.67)

0.259

-

-

  Cervical os bleeding

1.05 (0.45 − 2.47)

0.906

-

-

Bimanual palpation performed

0.36 (0.15 − 0.86)

0.022

0.55 (0.21 − 1.44)

0.222

Findings on bimanual palpation

  Normal

0.54 (0.24 − 1.21)

0.137

-

-

  Adnexal tenderness

0.43 (0.09 − 2.03)

0.288

-

-

  Uterine tenderness

0.80 (0.17 − 3.76)

0.778

-

-

  Bulky uterus

0.39 (0.06 − 2.43)

0.311

-

-