Table 1 Assessment instruments

Demographic data and characteristics

Participants’ information on age, gender, previous experience with digital 3D and VR applications

None

4 Items, each as separate selection

Self-assessment of EMC

Questionnaire for EMC as a tool designed to allow participants to evaluate their own competency levels

Created by the authors inspired by [18]

16 items on a 5-point Likert Scale, participants rated their agreement ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree

Assessment of EMC using the VR simulation

Completion of scenarios with performance outcomes automatically generated based on actions.

[19, 23]

Embedded checklist with 9 (EVB and MI) or 10 items (COPD). The results were scored as an overall percentage.

CRA performance test using the PEF

Post-encounter form as a performance test aimed at scoring the CRA

[15]

5 open-ended questions for participants:

• summary statement (max. 1 point)

• problem list (max. 3 points)

• differential diagnosis (max. 3 points)

• most likely diagnosis (max. 1 point)

• supporting data (max. 2 points)

The results were scored as an overall percentage.