Table 3 Incremental cost-effectiveness results of included studies by theme
Study | Location | Intervention | Findings per QALY or LY saved (currency standardized to 2022 USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
CPR and Bystander Training (n = 8) | |||
 Al-Badriyeh 2022 [24] | Qatar | Out-of-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OH-ECPR) vs in-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IH-ECPR) | $127,634/ case of success |
 Bouland 2015 [30] | US | Large scale community bystander CPR training | $27,012/QALY |
 Doan 2022 [34] | Australia | Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) v conventional CPR (C-CPR) | $30,971/QALY |
 Groeneveld 2005 [40] | US | CPR only vs CPR + AED (bystanders) | $298,727/QALY general population; $89,724/QALY if trainee lives w/ person > 75 |
 Marti 2017 [44] | UK | Mechanical CPR | Manual CPR dominates mechanical CPR |
 Nichol 2009 [50] | US and Canada | CPR only vs CPR + AED (bystanders) | $78,185/QALY; $48,333/QALY |
 Osorio Cuevas 2019 [52] | Colombia | CPR only vs CPR + AED | $1,007/LS |
 Vercammen 2020 [63] | Belgium | Smartphone application mobilizing CPR by bystanders | $20,534/QALY |
Increasing Access to Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) (n= 18) | |||
 Andersen 2019 [25] | US | Public Access AEDs | $15,582/QALY |
 Bauer 2021 [26] | Germany | AED drone network | $27,749/LYS |
 Benson 2022 [28] | England | School-based AEDs vs no AED usage | $11,398/QALY |
 Bogle 2019 [29] | US | AED drone network | $11,584/QALY |
 Cram 2003 [32] | US | Public Access AEDs | $46,493/QALY |
 Cram 2005 [33] | US | In home AEDs to high-risk individuals | $134,280/QALY |
 Folke 2009 [35] | Denmark | Public Access AEDs | $42,862/QALY (ERC) or $52,962/QALY (AHA) |
 Forrer 2002 [36] | US | Police equipped with AEDs | $86,618/LS or $19,776/LYS |
 Foutz 2000 [37] | US | AEDs in long term care facilities | $114,149/ LS |
 Groeneveld 2001 [39] | US | AEDs on airlines | $59,074 on aircraft > 200 seats; $68,278 on aircraft > 100 seats; $158,479/QALY on all aircraft |
 Haag 2020 [41] | US | In home AEDs to children with HCM | $94,285/QALY |
 Mears 2006 [45] | US | Public Access AEDs– rural locations | $15,844/LS or $3,618/LYS |
 Moran 2015 [46] | Ireland | Public Access AEDs | $114,798/QALY |
 Nichol 1998 [48] | US | Public Access AEDs | $78,185/QALY |
 Nichol 2003 [49] | US | Public Access AEDs | $85,913/QALY |
 Shaker 2022 [55] | US | Portable SMall AED for Rapid Treatment of SCA (SMART) | Societal: $53,925/QALY; Healthcare: $59,672/QALY |
 Sharieff 2007 [56] | Canada | Public Access AEDs | $539,434 Office; $2,487,615 Apartment; $92,303 high risk homes; $1,612,055 homes of high risk > 55 |
 Walker 2003 [69] | Scotland | AEDs (selectively placed) | $97,962/QALY |
Prehospital System Interventions (n= 19) | |||
 Achana 2020 [22] | UK | Adrenaline use | $122,769/QALY |
 Aguilera Campos 2012 [23] | Mexico | Increasing ambulances and training police in bystander CPR and AEDs to improve time to CPR/AED | $47,019 to 517,214 / life saved |
 Benger 2022 [27] | England | i-gel supraglottic airway (SGA) vs tracheal intubation (TI) | Dominated |
 Cappato 2005 [31] | Italy | AEDs added to ambulance system | $35,465/QALY |
 Ginsberg 2015 [38] | Israel | Various prehospital interventions (BLS/ALS and ambulance transfer) | $35,776/DALY |
 Jakobsson 1987 [42] | Sweden | Advanced EMT defibrillator training (8 h training program to distinguish ventricular tachycardia/ ventricular fibrillation from other rhythms and how to defibrillate expediently) | $36,713/LS |
 Jermyn 2000 [43] | Canada | Equipping rural first responder fire departments with AED's | $11,164/LS (urban; control), $81,183/LS (rural; experimental) |
 Nichol 1996 [47] | Canada | Various prehospital interventions (improved response time/ambulance defibrillators) | $102,260/QALY |
 Ornato 1988 [51] | US | Basic EMT vs EMT trained in defibrillation vs paramedics | $18,116/LS basic EMT; $5,010/ LS EMT trained defibrillation; $5,395/LS paramedic |
 Perkins 2021 [53] | UK | Adrenaline use | $2,397,888/QALY first 6 months or $114,824/QALY over lifetime |
 Rauner 2003 [54] | Austria | Equipping Austrian Red Cross Ambulances with AED's | $25,840/QALY |
 Stokes 2021 [58] | UK | i-gel supraglottic airway (SGA) vs tracheal intubation (TI) | No evidence of difference in cost-effectiveness |
 Sund 2012 [59] | Sweden | Early defibrillation by dispatching AEDs with Fire as well as EMS | $18,662/QALY; $86,130/LS |
 Urban 1981 [60] | US | Paramedic training/services | $184,320/LS |
 Valenzuela 1990 [61] | US | Creation of EMS system for OHCA | $267,423/LS or $19,979/LYS |
 van Alem 2004 [62] | Netherlands | Reducing time to shock | $28,619/LS 2 min reduction; $23,381/LS 4 min reduction; $20,773/LS 6 min reduction |
Termination of resuscitation (n = 1) | |||
 Shibahashi 2022 [57] | Japan | BLS termination-of-resuscitation (TOR), ALS TOR or no TOR | $23,851/QALY |