Table 1 Risk factors contributing to stroke in adolescents and young adults

Autoimmune Disorders

Conditions like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and other systemic autoimmune diseases are linked to increased stroke risk due to chronic inflammation, vessel damage, and clotting abnormalities.

Cardiac Causes

Congenital heart defects like PFO, cardiomyopathies, infective endocarditis, and arrhythmias can contribute to stroke risk in young people.

Coagulopathies

Genetic or acquired blood clotting disorders, antiphospholipid syndrome, protein C/S deficiency, factor V Leiden mutation, or prothrombin gene mutations increase stroke risk.

Diabetes Mellitus

Young individuals with poorly controlled type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk for stroke due to vascular complications.

Hereditary Disorders

Family history of stroke or certain genetic conditions (e.g., CADASIL) may predispose young adults to stroke.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated cholesterol levels, particularly LDL, contribute to atherosclerosis and increase the risk of ischemic stroke in young adults.

Hypertension

Although traditionally considered a risk for older populations, elevated blood pressure in young adults can contribute to stroke by damaging blood vessels.

Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle

Obesity and lack of physical activity increase the risk for stroke through their contribution to hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

Smoking

Smoking is a well-known risk factor that increases the likelihood of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes by promoting atherosclerosis, blood clot formation, and vascular inflammation.