Table 1 Demographic data according to time to neurosurgical and neuroradiological intervention
Variables | All | Time to Intervention | P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early (< 1.9 h) | Intermediate (1.9–4.1 h) | Delayed (> 4.1 h) | ||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
All | 1780 | 100.0 | 532 | 29.9 | 541 | 30.4 | 707 | 39.7 | ||
Age group, years | 0.003 | |||||||||
18–39 | 353 | 19.8 | 104 | 19.6 | 89 | 16.5 | 160 | 22.6 | ||
40–59 | 571 | 32.1 | 188 | 35.3 | 193 | 35.7 | 190 | 26.9 | ||
60–79 | 664 | 37.3 | 191 | 35.9 | 205 | 37.9 | 268 | 37.9 | ||
≥ 80 | 192 | 10.8 | 49 | 9.2 | 54 | 10.0 | 89 | 12.6 | ||
Gender | 0.402 | |||||||||
Male | 1301 | 73.1 | 399 | 75.0 | 386 | 71.4 | 516 | 73.0 | ||
Female | 479 | 26.9 | 133 | 25.0 | 155 | 28.7 | 191 | 27.0 | ||
Charlson comorbidity index | 0.006 | |||||||||
0 | 1390 | 78.1 | 423 | 79.5 | 419 | 77.5 | 548 | 77.5 | ||
1 | 114 | 6.4 | 28 | 5.3 | 32 | 5.9 | 54 | 7.6 | ||
2 | 156 | 8.8 | 60 | 11.3 | 44 | 8.1 | 52 | 7.4 | ||
≥ 3 | 120 | 6.7 | 21 | 4.0 | 46 | 8.5 | 53 | 7.5 | ||
Injury intent | 0.672 | |||||||||
Accidental | 1741 | 97.8 | 518 | 97.4 | 531 | 98.2 | 692 | 97.9 | ||
Intentional | 39 | 2.2 | 14 | 2.6 | 10 | 1.9 | 15 | 2.1 | ||
Mechanism of injury | 0.006 | |||||||||
Traffic accident | 792 | 44.5 | 247 | 46.4 | 225 | 41.6 | 320 | 45.3 | ||
Fall | 773 | 43.4 | 239 | 44.9 | 253 | 46.8 | 281 | 39.8 | ||
Collision | 173 | 9.7 | 39 | 7.3 | 53 | 9.8 | 81 | 11.5 | ||
Others | 42 | 2.4 | 7 | 1.3 | 10 | 1.9 | 25 | 3.5 | ||
Place of injury | 0.602 | |||||||||
Home | 481 | 27.0 | 137 | 25.8 | 154 | 28.5 | 190 | 26.9 | ||
Public | 1299 | 73.0 | 395 | 74.3 | 387 | 71.5 | 517 | 73.1 | ||
Alcohol intake | 0.065 | |||||||||
Yes | 1371 | 77.0 | 391 | 73.5 | 422 | 78.0 | 558 | 78.9 | ||
No | 409 | 23.0 | 141 | 26.5 | 119 | 22.0 | 149 | 21.1 | ||
Day of injury | 0.501 | |||||||||
Weekend | 549 | 30.8 | 171 | 32.1 | 171 | 31.6 | 207 | 29.3 | ||
Weekday | 1231 | 69.2 | 361 | 67.9 | 370 | 68.4 | 500 | 70.7 | ||
Time of injury | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Day (7.00 AM − 6.59 PM) | 1025 | 57.6 | 270 | 50.8 | 321 | 59.3 | 434 | 61.4 | ||
Night (7.00 PM − 6.59 AM) | 755 | 42.4 | 262 | 49.3 | 220 | 40.7 | 273 | 38.6 | ||
Mode of transport | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Prehospital transport | 982 | 55.2 | 258 | 48.5 | 304 | 56.2 | 420 | 59.4 | ||
Interhospital transport | 798 | 44.8 | 274 | 51.5 | 237 | 43.8 | 287 | 40.6 | ||
Top-level personnel | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Physician | 77 | 4.3 | 35 | 6.6 | 28 | 5.2 | 14 | 2.0 | ||
Nurse | 353 | 19.8 | 136 | 25.6 | 108 | 20.0 | 109 | 15.4 | ||
EMT | 1084 | 60.9 | 292 | 54.9 | 320 | 59.2 | 472 | 66.8 | ||
First responder | 122 | 6.9 | 33 | 6.2 | 44 | 8.1 | 45 | 6.4 | ||
Unknown | 144 | 8.1 | 36 | 6.8 | 41 | 7.6 | 67 | 9.5 | ||
Airway management | 0.046 | |||||||||
Advanced airway | 27 | 1.5 | 8 | 1.5 | 9 | 1.7 | 10 | 1.4 | ||
Basic airway | 72 | 4.0 | 23 | 4.3 | 26 | 4.8 | 23 | 3.3 | ||
No airway management | 830 | 46.6 | 218 | 41.0 | 255 | 47.1 | 357 | 50.5 | ||
Unknown | 851 | 47.8 | 283 | 53.2 | 251 | 46.4 | 317 | 44.8 | ||
Ventilatory management | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Active ventilatory support | 68 | 3.8 | 23 | 4.3 | 21 | 3.9 | 24 | 3.4 | ||
Passive ventilatory support | 358 | 20.1 | 125 | 23.5 | 117 | 21.6 | 116 | 16.4 | ||
No ventilatory support | 503 | 28.3 | 101 | 19.0 | 152 | 28.1 | 250 | 35.4 | ||
Unknown | 851 | 47.8 | 283 | 53.2 | 251 | 46.4 | 317 | 44.8 | ||
Intravenous fluid | 0.056 | |||||||||
Yes | 148 | 8.3 | 38 | 7.1 | 47 | 8.7 | 63 | 8.9 | ||
No | 781 | 43.9 | 211 | 39.7 | 243 | 44.9 | 327 | 46.3 | ||
Unknown | 851 | 47.8 | 283 | 53.2 | 251 | 46.4 | 317 | 44.8 | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 0.104 | |||||||||
< 90 | 1676 | 94.2 | 496 | 93.2 | 504 | 93.2 | 676 | 95.6 | ||
≥ 90 | 104 | 5.8 | 36 | 6.8 | 37 | 6.8 | 31 | 4.4 | ||
Heart rate, beats per minute | 0.312 | |||||||||
< 60 | 122 | 6.9 | 44 | 8.3 | 33 | 6.1 | 45 | 6.4 | ||
60–100 | 1238 | 69.6 | 355 | 66.7 | 376 | 69.5 | 507 | 71.7 | ||
> 100 | 420 | 23.6 | 133 | 25.0 | 132 | 24.4 | 155 | 21.9 | ||
Respiratory rate, rate per minute | 0.808 | |||||||||
< 10 | 9 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.6 | 4 | 0.6 | ||
10–30 | 1728 | 97.1 | 514 | 96.6 | 525 | 97.0 | 689 | 97.5 | ||
> 30 | 43 | 2.4 | 16 | 3.0 | 13 | 2.4 | 14 | 2.0 | ||
Glasgow coma scale | < 0.001 | |||||||||
3–8 | 657 | 36.9 | 298 | 56.0 | 210 | 38.8 | 149 | 21.1 | ||
9–12 | 292 | 16.4 | 70 | 13.2 | 100 | 18.5 | 122 | 17.3 | ||
13–15 | 663 | 37.3 | 117 | 22.0 | 168 | 31.1 | 378 | 53.5 | ||
Unknown | 168 | 9.4 | 47 | 8.8 | 63 | 11.7 | 58 | 8.2 | ||
Intervention | ||||||||||
Neurosurgical | 1754 | 98.5 | 520 | 97.7 | 536 | 99.1 | 698 | 98.7 | 0.166 | |
Neuroradiological | 40 | 2.3 | 17 | 3.2 | 8 | 1.5 | 15 | 2.1 | 0.159 | |
EMR-ISS | 0.391 | |||||||||
0–24 | 93 | 5.2 | 36 | 6.8 | 23 | 4.3 | 34 | 4.8 | ||
25–44 | 1472 | 82.7 | 436 | 82.0 | 450 | 83.2 | 586 | 82.9 | ||
45–75 | 215 | 12.1 | 60 | 11.3 | 68 | 12.6 | 87 | 12.3 | ||
Outcomes | ||||||||||
Death | 455 | 25.6 | 192 | 36.1 | 134 | 24.8 | 129 | 18.3 | < 0.001 | |
Unfavorable neurological outcome | 944 | 53.0 | 347 | 65.2 | 289 | 53.4 | 308 | 43.6 | < 0.001 | |