Table 1 Baseline characteristics of emergency patients with pneumonia

Age (years)

73.6 ± 14.1

69.8 ± 15.3

0.001

Sex (male)

150 (55.1)

263 (56.8)

0.662

Underlying disease

 Diabetes mellitus

89 (32.7)

149 (31.7)

0.785

 Coronary artery disease

35 (12.9)

66 (14.3)

0.598

 Cerebrovascular disease

75 (27.6)

108 (23.3)

0.199

 CKD stage 3–5 or ESRD

54 (19.9)

92 (19.9)

0.995

 Chronic lung disease

61 (22.4)

115 (24.8)

0.459

 Malignancy

115 (42.3)

132 (28.5)

< 0.001

Charlson’s comorbidity index

6.5 ± 2.6

5.5 ± 2.8

< 0.001

Vital signs and mental status at ED arrival

 Body temperature (^oC)

36.8, 0.8

37.0, 1.2

0.003

 Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

33.0 ± 8.3

32.6 ± 8.9

0.525

 Pulse rate (beats/min)

104.6 ± 25.9

102.9 ± 23.9

0.381

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

126.2 ± 35.7

138.1 ± 34.2

< 0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

73.4 ± 21.1

78.7 ± 19.8

0.001

 Oxygen saturation (%)

88, 13.8

93, 10

< 0.001

 Glasgow coma scale score

12, 6

15, 3

< 0.001

Early warning scores at ED arrival

 A-DROP

2.4 ± 1.1

1.6 ± 1.1

< 0.001

 NEWS2

9.3 ± 2.8

7.7 ± 2.8

< 0.001

 REMS

10.8 ± 3.3

9.2 ± 3.2

< 0.001

Initial oxygen support type

 None

24 (8.8)

65 (14.0)

< 0.001

 Cannula

86 (31.6)

183 (39.5)

 Non-rebreather mask

120 (44.1)

122 (26.3)

 NIV or HFNC

13 (4.8)

47 (10.2)

 Endotracheal intubation

29 (10.7)

46 (9.9)

Initial laboratory results

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

9.9 ± 2.6

10.8 ± 2.6

< 0.001

 White blood cells (x1000 count/µL)

11.8, 8.5

11.1, 7.8

0.599

  Neutrophil (%)

83.0, 17.8

81.4, 15.2

0.065

 Platelet (x1000 count/µL)

248.9 ± 147.0

269.8 ± 141.3

0.057

 GFR (mL/min/1.73mm2)

66.1 ± 37.2

72.3 ± 38.0

0.031

Type of pneumonia

 Community-acquired pneumonia

144 (52.9)

293 (63.3)

0.020

 Hospital-acquired or healthcare-associated pneumonia

124 (45.6)

166 (35.9)

 Ventilator-associated pneumonia

4 (1.5)

4 (0.9)

Length of stay

 ED stay (hours)

17, 28.8

12, 18

< 0.001

 Hospital stay (days)

3, 7

6, 12

0.006