Table 1 Demographic and clinical presentation characteristics of paediatric traumatic head injury patients
From: Traumatic head injuries in children: demographics, injury patterns, and outcomes in Saudi Arabia
Variables | Total | Infant | Preschool | Schoolchildren | Adolescent | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N= 466 | N = 43 | N= 99 | N = 176 | N = 148 | ||
Gender n (%) | 466 (100) | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | < 0.001 |
Male | 357 (76.6) | 31 (72.1) | 67 (67.7) | 127 (72.2) | 132 (89.2) | |
Female | 109 (23.3) | 12 (27.9) | 32 (32.2) | 49 (27.8) | 16 (10.8) | |
Nationality n (%) | 460 (98.7) | 42 | 98 | 174 | 146 | < 0.001 |
Saudi | 353 (76.7) | 36 (85.7) | 73 (74.5) | 119 (68.4) | 125 (85.6) | |
Non-Saudi | 107 (23.3) | 6 (14.3) | 25(25.5) | 55 (31.6) | 21 (14.4) | |
Injury time, n (%) | 466 (100) | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | |
Day | 114 (24.5) | 26 (60.5) | 27 (27.3) | 40 (22.7) | 30 (20.3) | |
Night | 352 (75.5) | 17 (39.5) | 72 (72.7) | 136 (77.3) | 118 (79.7) | |
Mechanism of injury, n (%) | 466 (100) | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | < 0.001 |
MVC | 242 (51.9) | 11 (25.6) | 32 (32.3) | 98 (55.7) | 101 (68.2) | |
Motorcycle | 24 (5.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 (5.7) | 14 (9.4) | |
Pedal | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (3.4) | |
Pedestrian | 66 (14.2) | 1 (2.3) | 24 (24.2) | 30 (17.0) | 11 (7.4) | |
Fall > 1 m | 62 (13.3) | 6 (14.0) | 26 (26.3) | 22 (12.5) | 8 (5.4) | |
Fall ≤ 1 m | 44 (9.4) | 24 (55.8) | 8 (8.1) | 10 (5.7) | 2 (1.4) | |
Assault/Accident | 15 (3.2) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (5.1) | 4 (2.3) | 5 (3.4) | |
Other | 8 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (4.0) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.4) | |
Injury type n (%) | 466 (100) | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | 0.004 |
Skull fracture | 43 (9.2) | 7 (16.3) | 15 (15.2) | 14 (7.9) | 7 (4.7) | |
Brain contusion | 62 (13.3) | 5 (11.6) | 15 (15.2) | 17 (9.7) | 25 (16.9) | |
Intracranial haematoma | 103 (22.1) | 16 (37.2) | 24 (24.2) | 35 (19.9) | 28 (18.9) | |
Scalp injuries | 227 (48.7) | 12 (27.9) | 43 (43.4) | 96 (54.5) | 76 (51.4) | |
Other brain injuries | 31 (6.7)) | 3 (7.0) | 2 (2.0) | 14 (8.0) | 12 (8.1) | |
Injury location, n (%) | 406 (87.1) | 33 | 85 | 154 | 134 | < 0.001 |
Home | 68 (16.8) | 23 (69.7) | 29 (34.1) | 14 (9.1) | 2 (1.5) | |
Road | 333 (82.0) | 10 (30.3) | 56 (65.9) | 136 (88.3) | 131 (97.8) | |
School | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.6) | 1 (0.7) | |
Definitive care mode of arrival, n (%) | 452 (96.9) | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | < 0.001 |
Red Crescent | 43 (9.5) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (4.3) | 19 (11.2) | 19 (13.0) | |
Helicopter | 13 (2.9) | 2 (4.7) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (2.3) | 6 (4.1) | |
Government | 294 (65.0) | 21 (48.8) | 57 (61.3) | 117 (68.8) | 99 (67.8) | |
Private ambulance | 24 (5.3) | 2 (4.7) | 4 (4.3) | 9 (5.3) | 9 (6.2) | |
Private/police vehicle | 78 (17.3) | 17 (39.5) | 27 (29.0) | 21 (12.4) | 13 (8.9) | |
Procedure at the scene, n (%) | 466 | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | 0.003 |
Yes | 64 (13.7) | 1 (2.3) | 6 (6.1) | 32 (18.2) | 25 (16.9) | |
No | 402 (86.3) | 42 (97.7) | 93 (93.9) | 144 (81.8) | 123 (83.1) | |
Trauma team activation, n (%) | 465 (99.7) | 43 | 99 | 175 | 148 | 0.55 |
Yes | 78 (16.8) | 4 (9.3) | 16 (16.2) | 31 (17.7) | 27 (18.2) | |
No | 387 (83.2) | 39 (90.7) | 83 (83.8) | 144 (81.8) | 121 (81.8) | |
Blood transfusion in ED, n (%) | 466 | 43 | 99 | 176 | 148 | 0.25 |
Yes | 50 (10.7) | 4 (9.3) | 14 (14.1) | 13 (7.4) | 19 (12.8) | |
No | 416 (89.3) | 39 (90.7) | 85 (85.9) | 163 (92.6) | 129 (87.2) | |
On arrival at the ED, median (IQR) | ||||||
First systolic BP | 101 (96–112) | 107 (100–120) | 110 (100–121) | 121 (110–133) | < 0.001 | |
First heart rate | 132 (118–149) | 122 (110–136) | 111 (96–129) | 94 (83–110) | < 0.001 | |
First respiratory rate | 24 (20–30) | 24 (20–26) | 20 (20–23) | 20 (18–20) | < 0.001 | |
First O2 saturation | 97 (96–99) | 99 (97–100) | 99 (98–100) | 99 (98–100) | 0.022 | |
Respiratory assistance, n (%) | 459 (98.5) | 42 | 98 | 172 | 147 | 0.005 |
Assisted respiration | 211 (46.0) | 11 (26.2) | 37 (37.8) | 87 (50.6) | 76 (51.7) | |
Unassisted respiration | 248 (54.0) | 31 (73.8) | 61 (62.2) | 85 (49.4) | 71 (48.3) |