Table 4 Associations of patient and injury characteristics with ICU admission

Age

 Adolescent

Ref

Ref

 Infant

0.30 (0.14–0.62) < 0.001

0.56 (0.12–2.46) 0.44

 Preschool

0.72 (0.43–1.20) 0.21

1.75 (0.66–4.61) 0.25

 School

0.90 (0.57–1.41) 0.66

1.46 (0.67–3.17) 0.33

Mechanism of injury

 Motor vehicle

Ref

Ref

 Motorcycle

0.60 (0.25–1.39) 0.23

5.24 (1.29–21.2) 0.02

 Pedal

2.41 (0.26–21.9) 0.43

15.0 (1.22–186.7) 0.03

 Pedestrian

0.81 (0.47–1.42) 0.47

2.33 (0.79–6.81) 0.12

 Fall > 1 m

0.46 (0.26–0.81) 0.008

2.65 (0.85–8.17) 0.09

 Fall ≤ 1 m

0.31 (0.15–0.61) 0.001

5.01 (1.28–19.5) 0.02

 Assault/accident

1.65 (0.51–5.35) 0.39

18.6 (3.26–106.3) < 0.001

 Other

0.60 (0.14–2.46) 0.48

1.69 (0.07–37.5) 0.73

Injury type

 Scalp injury

Ref

 Fracture

0.30 (0.14–0.60) 0.001

0.47 (0.14–1.56) 0.21

 Brain contusion

1.57 (0.86–2.86) 0.14

1.85 (0.60–5.73) 0.28

 Intracranial haematoma

0.85 (0.53–1.37) 0.52

1.31 (0.60–2.87) 0.48

 Other brain injuries

0.65 (0.30–1.38) 0.26

0.61 (0.14–2.53) 0.50

Mode of arrival

 Red Crescent ambulance

 Government ambulance

 Helicopter

 Private ambulance

 Private/police vehicle

Ref

5.08 (2.50–10.33) < 0.001

14.2 (2.73–73.79) 0.002

1.08 (0.47–2.46) 0.85

3.61 (1.26–10.33) 0.016

Ref

3.19 (1.07–9.52) 0.03

5.47 (0.44–67.4) 0.18

0.97 (0.24–3.83) 0.97

0.70 (0.12–3.93) 0.69

ISS

1.12 (1.09–1.15) < 0.001

1.06 (1.02–1.11) 0.003

Trauma team activation

2.43 (1.42–4.17) 0.001

0.69 (0.25–1.89) 0.48

Blood transfusion

3.06 (1.52–6.15) 0.002

1.12 (0.37–3.40) 0.83

Respiratory assistance

23.4 (13.8–39.8) < 0.001

25.9 (11.5–58.4) < 0.001

Length of stay in hospital

1.18 (1.14–1.23) < 0.001

1.14 (1.08–1.19) < 0.001

Require operation

2.85 (1.94–4.17) < 0.001

3.11 (1.49–6.51) 0.002