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Table 2 Patient characteristics, overall study cohort and among those with and without an adverse event

From: Oakland score to identify low-risk patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding performs well among emergency department patients

 

Overall, N = 8,283

Adverse Event, n = 2,243

No Adverse Event, n = 6,040

p-value1

Age, mean (SD)

67.7 (18.0)

73.4 (14.1)

65.6 (18.9)

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

4,022 (48.6)

1,145 (51.1)

2,877 (47.6)

0.005

Race category, n (%)

   

0.004

 Asian

1,345 (16.2)

386 (17.2)

959 (15.9)

 

 Black

819 (9.9)

215 (9.6)

604 (10.0)

 

 Hispanic

1,433 (17.3)

340 (15.2)

1,093 (18.1)

 

 Other*

455 (5.5)

109 (4.9)

346 (5.7)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

4,231 (51.1)

1,193 (53.2)

3,038 (50.3)

 

Neighborhood deprivation index#

-0.2 (0.9)

-0.3 (0.8)

-0.2 (0.9)

0.09

Arrival by ambulance, n (%)

1,588 (19.2)

711 (31.7)

877 (14.5)

< 0.001

Colonoscopy in previous 2 years, n (%)

2,298 (27.7)

731 (32.6)

1,567 (25.9)

< 0.001

LGIB hospitalization in previous 2 years n (%)

633 (7.6)

281 (12.5)

352 (5.8)

< 0.001

Co-morbid illnesses, n (%)^

    

 Chronic Heart Failure

1,528 (18.4)

655 (29.2)

873 (14.5)

< 0.001

 Liver disease

1,253 (15.1)

405 (18.1)

848 (14.0)

< 0.001

 Renal failure

2,263 (27.3)

881 (39.3)

1,382 (22.9)

< 0.001

 Coagulopathy

989 (11.9)

438 (19.5)

551 (9.1)

< 0.001

 Total Elixhauser co-morbidity score

4.9 (3.5)

6.66 (3.6)

4.30 (3.3)

< 0.001

Active medications, n (%)

    

 Oral antiplatelets

3,630 (43.8)

1,369 (61.0)

2,261 (37.4)

< 0.001

 Oral anticoagulants

2,412 (29.1)

884 (39.4)

1,528 (25.3)

< 0.001

ED vital signs, mean (SD)

    

 Heart rate, beats/min

84.1 (17.6)

87.4 (19.1)

82.9 (16.8)

< 0.001

 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

135.9 (24.6)

125.8 (25.2)

139.6 (23.2)

< 0.001

ED Laboratory values, mean (SD)

    

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.6 (2.8)

9.0 (2.7)

12.6 (2.1)

< 0.001

 Platelet count, 10^3/uL

241.5 (92.5)

247.4 (111.1)

239.3 (84.4)

0.6

 White Blood Cell count /uL

8.8 (6.3)

9.4 (8.6)

8.6 (5.1)

< 0.001

 Creatinine level mg/dL

1.2 (1.1)

1.5 (1.4)

1.1 (1.0)

< 0.001

 INR

1.5 (1.1)

1.7 (1.4)

1.4 (0.9)

< 0.001

ED Disposition, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Hospital admission

2,289 (27.6)

1,362 (60.7)

927 (15.3)

 

 Observation

2,367 (28.6)

679 (30.3)

1,688 (27.9)

 

 ED discharge

3,509 (42.4)

161 (7.2)

3,348 (55.4)

 

 Transfer to another hospital

118 (1.4)

41 (1.8)

77 (1.3)

 
  1. Notes: Abbreviations: LGIB, Lower gastrointestinal bleeding; ED, emergency department; SD, standard deviation; INR, International normalized ratio
  2. 1 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test
  3. *Other race includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and more than 1 race
  4. # The Neighborhood Deprivation Index for each census tract is based on 13 socioeconomic measures. Scores range from − 3.6 to 2.8, with higher values indicating more neighborhood deprivation (lower socioeconomic status)
  5. ^Co-morbid illness categories were taken from the Elixhauser Co-morbidity Index [19].
  6. Anti-platelet medications included: Aspirin, also called acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin, Asaphen, Entrophen, Novasen), Clopidogrel (Plavix), Prasugrel (Effient), Ticagrelor (Brilinta), Ticlopidine (Ticlid), Dipyridamole (Persantine), Cilostazol (Pletal), aspirin/dipyridmole (Aggrenox), Cangrelor, Vorapaxar, abciximab, caplacizumab, eptifibatide, tirofiban
  7. Anti-coagulant medications included: Warfarin (Coumadin), Apixaban (Eliquis), edoxaban (Savaysa), Fondaparinus (Arixtra), Enoxaparin (Lovenox), argatroban (Acova), bivalirudin (Angiomax), dabigatran (Pradaxa), desirudin (Iprivask or Hirudin), ardeparin, betrixaban, dalteparin, danaparoid
  8. Variables with missingness: Platelet count (n = 102 missing), Creatinine (n = 184 missing), INR (n = 2492 missing, of which 2002 were among patients without an adverse event)
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International Journal of Emergency Medicine

ISSN: 1865-1380

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