Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Last name of the first author (publication year) | Total number of preterm infants | # Centers | Gestational age or weight | Cutoff of prolonged antibiotic exposure (Days) | Adjustment methods | Adjusted factors | NOS (out of 9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuppala (2011) [7] | 305 | Multicenter | < 32 weeks | ≥ 5 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal Factors PROM Infant Factors Birth weight, GA, Race Clinical Factors High-frequency ventilation Received breast milk and Apgar score at 5 min | 8 |
Cotten (2009) [3] | 5693 | Multicenter | ELBW | ≥ 5 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal Factors prenatal steroid use, prenatal antibiotic use, hypertension, PROM, hemorrhage Infant Factors race, gender, GA, SMA, multiple births Clinical Factors 5-minute Apgar score, center, mechanical ventilation, early initiation of enteral feeds | 9 |
Ting (2019) [13] | 14,207 | Multicenter | VLBW | ≥ 4 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal factors PROM Infant factors GA, multiple births Clinical factors SNAP-II scores, extensive CPR, surfactant use, mechanical ventilation, inotropes and pneumothorax treated with chest tube | 9 |
Greenberg (2019) [20] | 5730 | Multicenter | < 28 weeks | ≥ 5 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal factors Black race, Multiple birth, PROM > 24 h, Receipt of antenatal steroids, Perinatal antibiotic therapy, Hypertension, Antepartum hemorrhage, Cesarean section Infant factors GA, SGA, Sex Clinical factors 5-min Apgar score < 5, Birth year, Center, Mechanical ventilation | 9 |
Dierikx (2022) [12] | 1259 | Multicenter | < 30 weeks | > 3 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal factors Mode of delivery (vaginal, c-section) Infant factors Gender, Birth weight percentile, GA Clinical factors Center, Days of parenteral feeding, Invasive ventilation support, Inotropic medication use type of enteral feeding and Apgar score 5 min | 9 |
Fajardoa (2018) [9] | 620 | Single center | VLBW | > 5 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal factors Maternal hypertension, Prenatal steroid treatment and Intrapartum antibiotic treatment Infant factors SGA, Gender and Multiple births Clinical factors SNAP II and Clinical chorioamnionitis | 8 |
Yu (2023) [21] | 21,540 | Multicenter | < 34 weeks | ≥ 5 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal Factors Maternal hypertension, Maternal diabetes, Maternal steroid use, Cesarean section Infant Factors GA, Male, SGA, 5-minute Apgar score ≤ 7 Clinical Factors: Mechanical ventilation, Vasopressor treatment, Breastmilk feeding, Age of enteral feed initiation | 9 |
Vatne (2023) [11] | 4932 | Multicenter | < 32 weeks. | ≥ 4 | Multivariable logistic regression | Maternal Factors Mode of delivery, Antenatal steroids Infant Factors GA, Sex, Multiple births, Birth weight, Year of birth, Birth region Clinical Factors Antibiotics, Days of mechanical ventilation, CRIB2, Apgar score, Intraventricular hemorrhage | 9 |
Shah(2013) [8] | 216 | Single center | < 28 weeks | ≥ 4 | Multivariable logistic regression and similar baseline characteristics | Maternal factors PIH, APH, Mode of delivery, Maternal antibiotics, Antenatal glucocorticoids Infant factors GA, Birth weight, IUGR, gender Clinical factors Chorioamnionitis, PROM, CRIB score, Apgar score | 7 |
Alsafadi (2018) [19] | 587 | multicenter | < 34 weeks | ≥ 4 | Multivariable logistic regression | Birth weight, gestational age, gender, mode of delivery, PROM, pregnancy-induced hypertension, multiple births, asphyxia, sepsis laboratory tests | 7 |