Table 1 Neurodegenerative diseases and their specific retinal biomarkers detectable by AI-assisted imaging
From: AI-assisted ophthalmic imaging for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative Disease | Retinal Biomarkers | AI Detection Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) | RNFL thinning, macular degeneration, retinal amyloid deposits | OCT, AI-assisted retinal image analysis | |
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) | Thinning of the GCL-IPL, reduced vessel, density, and increased tortuosity | OCT, AI-assisted vascular analysis | |
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Thinning of the peripapillary RNFL and the GCL-IPL in MS patients | OCT, AI-assisted retinal thickness measurement | [25] |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Retinal thinning in ALS patients, particularly in the RNFL and GCL | OCT, AI-assisted retinal layer segmentation | [26] |